Table of Contents 1 45

radguide

Directory of Service and Emergency Providers 3
A. Introduction 7
B. Fundamentals of Radioactivity and Ionizing Radiation 9
Atomic Structure 9
Radioactive Decay 9
Half-life 10
Decay Law 11
Types Ionizing Radiation 12
Alpha Particles 12
Beta Particles 12
Gamma Rays 12
X-rays 12
Neutrons 13
Interaction of Ionizing Radiation With Matter 13
Mechanisms of Interaction 13
Characteristics of Different Types of Ionizing Radiation 13
Absorbed Dose 15
C. Measurement of Ionizing Radiation 16
Active Detection Methods 16
Gas Ionization Detectors 16
Scintillation Detectors 17
Instrument Operation and Calibration 19
Passive Detection Methods 19
D. Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiation 20
Cellular Effects 20
Mechanisms of Radiation Damage 20
Changes in Structure and Function 20
Radiosensitivity 20
List of Cells in Order of Decreasing Radiosensitivity 21
Human Health Effects 22
Stochastic Effects 22
Non-Stochastic Effects 22
Factors Determining Health Effects 22
Dose vs. Dose Rate 23
Portion of Body Irradiated 23
Dose Equivalent 23
Radiation Risk 24
Estimated Loss of Life Expectancy from Various Activities 25
E. Human Exposure to Ionizing Radiation 26
Sources of Exposure 26
Occupational Exposure 26
Non-Occupational Exposures 26
Routes of Exposure 27
External Exposures 27
Internal Exposures 27
Exposure Limits 28
Basis of Recent Guidelines 28
Regulatory Limits for Occupational Exposure 29
Regulatory Limits for Minors 30
Regulatory Limits for Exposure of Declared Pregnant Workers 31
Regulatory Limits for Dose to an Embryo/fetus 32
Regulatory Limits for Dose to Individual Members of the Public 32
F. Radiation Safety For Laboratory Use of Radionuclides 33
Philosophy of Current Radiation Safety Practice 33
External Radiation Protection 33
Minimizing Exposure Time 33
Maximizing Distance from the Source 34
Shielding the Source 35
Internal Radiation Protection 37
Protection Against Ingestion 37
Protection Against Inhalation 37
Protection Against Absorption 37
Protection Against Injection 37
Radiation Monitoring 38
Contamination Surveys 38
Dose Rate Surveys 38
Facility Audits by the RSO 39
Basic Procedures, Practices, and Rules for the Safe Use of Radioactive Materials 39
Personnel Monitoring 41
Dosimeters 41
Bioassays 41
Recording of Monitoring Data 41
Emergency And Decontamination Procedures 42
Minor Spills 42
Major Spills or Releases 42
Accidents Involving Personal Injury 43
Decontamination Procedures 43
University Nondiscrimination Statement 45
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